Home network internet connection Alternatives

Wireless / Networking

The connection method you choose affects how a home network must be set up to support Internet connection sharing.

DSL - Digital Subscriber Line
DSL is one of the most prevalent forms of Internet connection. DSL provides high-speed networking over ordinary phone lines using digital modems. DSL connection sharing can be easily achieved with either wired or wireless broadband routers. DSL service is also known as ADSL, ADSL2 or ADSL2+.

Cable - Cable Modem Internet
Like DSL, cable modem is a form of broadband Internet connection. Cable Internet uses neighborhood cable television conduits rather than telephone lines, but the same broadband routers that share DSL Internet connections also work with cable.

Dial Up Internet
Once the world standard for Internet network connections, dial up is slowly being replaced with higher-speed options. Dial up uses ordinary telephone lines but, unlike DSL, dial up connections take over the wire, preventing simultaneous voice calls.

Dial up is most commonly utilized in lightly populated areas where cable and DSL Internet services are unavailable.

ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network
In the 1990s, ISDN Internet served many customers wanting DSL-like service before DSL became widely available. ISDN works over telephone lines and like DSL, supports simultaneous voice and data traffic. Additionally, ISDN provides 2 to 3 times the performance of most dial up connections. Home networking with ISDN works similarly to networking with dial up.

Satellite Internet
Enterprises like Starband, Direcway and Wildblue offer satellite Internet service. With an exterior-mounted mini-dish and a proprietary digital modem inside the home, Internet connections can be established over a satellite link similar to satellite television services.

Satellite Internet can be particularly troublesome to network. Satellite modems may not work with broadband routers, and some online services like VPN and online games may not function over satellite connections.

BPL - Broadband over Power Line
BPL supports Internet connections over residential power lines. The technology behind power line BPL works analogously to phone line DSL, using unused signaling space on the wire to transmit the Internet traffic. However, BPL is a controversial Internet connection method. BPL signals generate significant interference in the vicinity of power lines, affecting other licensed radio transmissions. BPL requires specialized (but not expensive) equipment to join to a home network.

Do not confuse BPL with so-called powerline home networking. Powerline networking establishes a local computer network within the home but does not reach to the Internet. BPL on the other hand, reaches to the Internet Service Provider over utility power lines.

Other Forms of Internet Connectivity
In fact, several other types of Internet connections have not yet been mentioned. Below is a short summary of the last remaining options:

Fractional T1/T3 Internet - T1 and T3 are the names telecommunications firms have given to leased line network cables. Installed in some multi-resident dwellings, fractional T1/T3 lines are typically underground fiber or copper cables that connect directly to the service provider, with individual home connections switched over Ethernet cables.

Cellular Internet - Mobile Internet connections can be made over digital cell phones. Due to high cost, cellular Internet will only be used in homes during emergencies.

Wireless Broadband Internet - WiMax technology supports high-speed wireless Internet via base stations like cellular networks. So-called WiFi community or "mesh" networks serve a similar function using different technologies.

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Networking Terms

1. ADSP - AppleTalk data stream protocol manages the flow of data between two established socket connections.
2. AEP - AppleTalk echo protocol uses echoes to tell if a computer, or node, is available.
3. AFP - AppleTalk Filing protocol - Makes network files appear local by managing file sharing at the presentation layer.
4. AGP - Accelerated Graphics Port. This bus is developed for fast video cards. It is currently up to 4X mode speed.
5. API - Application Programming Interface.
6. APPC - Advanced Peer-to-Peer Communications provides peer to peer services at the transport and session layer.
7. APPN - Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking supports the computer connections at the network and transport layers.
8. Architecture - The method that is used to transmit packets on a network. Sometimes the term architecture includes topology. An example is ethernet.
9. ARCnet - Attached Resource Computer Network is an architecture using star and bus topology.
10. ARP - Address resolution Protocol is used to resolve the hardware address of a card to package the ethernet data. It works at the data link layer. RFC 826.
11. ARUP - AppleTalk update routing is a newer version of RTMP.
12. ASP - AppleTalk session protocol controls the starting and ending of sessions between computers called nodes. It works at the session level.
13. ATM - Asynchronous Transfer Mode may be used over a variety of media with both baseband and broadband systems. It uses fixed length data packets of 53 bytes called cell switching.
14. ATP - AppleTalk Transaction Protocol provides a Transport Layer connection between computers.
15. attenuation - signal loss due to impedance.
16. AU - Access Unit provides access to resources like fax, telex, and teletex.
17. AUI - Attachment uint interface used to attach a station to a thicknet cable.
18. Backbone - Main cable used to connect computers on a network.
19. Bandwidth - Indicates the amount of data that can be sent in a time period. Measured in Mbps which is one million bits per second.
20. Baseband - Data bits are defined by discrete signal changes.
21. BDC - Backup Domain Controller is a backup for a PDC
22. BGP - Border Gateway Protocol, a dynamic routing protocol. RFC 1267.
23. BNC - British Naval Connector.
24. BOOTP - Boot Protocol. RFC 951, 1542.
25. Bridge - Read the outermost section of data on the data packet, to tell where the message is going. It reduces the traffic on other network segments, since it does not send all packets but only sends packets intended for that segment they are attached to.
26. Broadband - Uses analog signals to divide the cable into several channels with each channel at its own frequency. Each channel can only transmit one direction.
27. Broadcast - A transmission to all interface cards on the network.
28. Brouter - Will function similar to a bridge for network transport protocols that are not routable, and will function as a router for routable protocols.
29. BSC - Binary Synchronous Communication sends bits in frames which are timed sequences of data. A possible SNA communications architecture,
30. CCITT - International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee.
31. CDDI - A copper version of FDDI which uses category 5 cable. Obviously the distance is more limited than FDDI.
32. CHAP - Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol is a three way handshake protocol which is considered more secure than PAP.
33. CIDR - Classless Inter Domain Routing.
34. Client - This computer requests resources for its use from a computer that provides the resource (a server).
35. CDPD - Cellular Digital Packet Data will allow network connections for mobile users using satellites.
36. CSMA/CD - Carrier-sense multiple-access with collision detection for controlling access to the network media.
37. CSU - Channel service unit used to connect to digital leased lines on the line side.
38. DAS - Dual attachment stations are used by FDDI networks for servers and concentrators are attached to both rings.
39. DAT - Digital Audio Tape

Other Networking Terms

* DBMS - Database Management Systems are used to share data on a network.
* DCE - Data communications equipment.
* DDP - Datagram Delivery Protocol is a routable protocol that provides for data packet transportation. It operates at the network layer at the same level of the IP protocol.
* DDS - Digital data service is a leased dedicated digital line.
* DECnet - From Digital Equipment Corporation is a suite of protocols which may be used on large networks that integrate mainframe and minicomputer systems
* DHCP - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol is used to assign IP addresses dynamically to network cards works at the application layer. RFC 1541.
* Direct sequence modulation - The data is broken into parts and transmitted simultaneously on multiple frequencies.
* DLC - Data Link Control operates at the data link layer and is designed for communications between Hewlett-Packard network printers and IBM mainframe computers on a DECnet network.
* DNA - Digital Network Architecture is a term from DECNet
* DNS - Domain Name System is used on the internet to correlate between IP address and readable names. RFC 1034, 1035, 1535-1537, 1591.
* DRDA - Distributed Relational Database Architecture is from IBM.
* DSU - Digital service unit used to connect to digital leased lines on the LAN side.
* DTD - Document Type Definition.
* DTE - Data terminal equipment.
* DUN - Dial up networking.
* DVM - Digital volt meter.
* EGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol. Used between routers of different systems.
* EIA - Electronic Industries Association .
* EISA - Extended ISA used when the 80286 through 80486 series microprocessors were being produced. It is backward compatible with ISA.
* EMI - Electromagnetic Interference.
* Ethernet - A network architecture that uses carrier-sense multiple-access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) for controlling access to the network media and baseband broadcasts. It uses star topology.
* FDDI - Fiber Distributed Data Interface is a network architecture normally used to send longer distances. Topology is ring with two counter rotating rings for reliability with no hubs. Cable type is fiber-optic.
* Frame Relay - Error checking is handled by devices at both sides of the connection. Frame relay uses frames of varying length and it operates at the data link layer of the OSI model. A permanent virtual circuit (PVC) is established between two points on the network. Frame relay speed is between 56Kbps and 1.544Mbps.
* Frequency hopping - The transmitter and receiver change predetermined frequencies at the same time (in a synchronized manner).
* FTP - File Transport Protocol is a TCP/IP protocol running at the application layer.
* Gateway - A gateway can translate information between different network data formats or network architectures. It can translate TCP/IP to AppleTalk so computers supporting TCP/IP can communicate with Apple brand computers. Not the same as a default gateway used by a client to send packets to.
* HTML - Hypertext Markup Language is the format many files for web viewing are in. It is a language with "mark-up" text included for formatting.
* HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol is the protocol used to communicate between web servers and web browser software clients.
* Hub - A type of repeater used on several network architectures which usually connects several stations.
* IAB - Internet Architecture Board
* IANA - Internet Assigned Numbers Authority.
* ICMP - Internet Control Message Protocol is used to perform network error reporting and status. It works at the transport layer. RFC 792.
* IETF - Internet Engineering Task Force. Sets Internet technical standards.
* IGMP - Internet Group Management Protocol, used for managing multicast groups. RFC 1112.
* IMAP4 - Internet Mail Access Protocol version 4 is the replacement for POP3
* Impedance - The amount of resistance to the transmission device.
* Infared - Infared is just below the visible range of light between 100Ghz and 1000Thz.
* Interference - Electromagnetic Interference (EMI). Crosstalk - When wires pick up electromagnetic signals from nearby wires also carrying signals.
* InterNIC - Internet Network Information Center, the authority for allocating internet addresses.
* Intranet - Refers to using internet technologies such as a web server on an internal network.
* IP - Internet Protocol os used for software addressing of computers and works at the data link layer. RFC 791.
* IPIP tunneling - Tunneling IP packets in IP packets. Used for VPN tunneling.
* IPSec - Internet protocol security, developed by IETF, implemented at layer 3. it is a collection of security measures that address data privacy, integrity, authentication, and key management, in addition to tunneling. Used for VPN.
* IPX - Internetwork Packet Exchange supports the transport and network layers of the OSI network model. Provides for network addressing and routing. It provides fast, unreliable, communication with network nodes using a connection less datagram service.
* IRQ- Interrupt Request
* IRTF - Internet Research Task force.
* ISA - Industry Standard Architecture internal computer bus. Used when the original 8088 8bit microprocessor based personal computers were produced. (16 bit).
* ISAKMP/Oakley - Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol Authentication.
* ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network is a method of sending voice and data information on a digital phone line. Two 64Kbps B-channels with one 16Kbps D channel is provided with basic ISDN service
* ISP - Internet Service Provider
* ISOC - Internet Society, promotes internet policies.
* ITU - International Telecommunication Union.
* FTP - File Transfer Protocol.
* L2F - Layer2 Forwarding, works at the link layer of the OSI model. It has no encryption. Being replaced by L2TP. It is used for VPN.
* L2TP - Layer 2 tunneling protocol (RFC 2661). Used for VPN tunneling.
* LAN - Local Area Network
* LDA - Local delivery agent on the receiving machine receives the mail from its MTA. This program is usually procmail.
* LU - Logical Units are ports that users use to access network resources is an SNA term.
* MAC - Media Access Control address. Basically a network card unique hardware address.
* Mail notifier - This program notifies the recipient that they have mail. Normally this requires two programs, biff and comsat. Biff allows the administrator or user to turn on comsat service.
* MAN- Metropolitan area network refers to a network which connects several LANS over various media that is large enough to cover an area the size of a city.
* MAPI - Microsoft's Messaging API which is incorporated throughout Microsoft's office products supports mail at the application level.
* MAU - Multistation access unit used by Token Ring Networks.
* MBONE - Being on the MBONE means you are on a network that supports multicasting.
* MCI - Microchannel architecture by IBM and used mainly on IBM brand computers for the internal bus. Established in 1988. (16 or 32 bits).
* Media - The hardware method used to connect computers over a network. The three main types are copper cable, fiber optic cable, and wireless.
* Media converter - Used to adapt from one cable type to another.
* MHS - Message Handling Service by Novell is used for mail on Netware networks.
* MIB - Management Information BASE specifies variables the network elements maintain. Works with the TCP/IP protocol SNMP.
* MIME - Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension is the protocol that defines the way files are attached to SMTP messages.
* MOTIS - Message-oriented text interchange system.
* MS - Message Store is a storage area for messages that can't be delivered immediately when the recipient is off-line.
* MTA - Message transfer agent is used to pass mail from the sending machine to the receiving machine. There is a MTA program running on both the sending and receiving machine. Sendmail is a MTA.
* MTU - Maximum Transmission Unit is the maximum size of each data packet for the ethernet protocol.
* MUA - Mail users agent. This is the program a user will use to type e-mail. It usually incorporates an editor for support. The user types the mail and it is passed to the sending MTA. This may also be called the user agent (UA).
* Multicasting - Transmitting to a group of interface cards on the network.
* NADN - Nearest Active Downstream Neighbor is a Token ring Architecture term.
* NAU - Network Addressable Units is an SNA term.
* NAUN - Nearest Active Upstream Neighbor is a Token ring Architecture term.
* NAT - Network Address Translation.
* NBF - NetBIOS Frame Protocol.
* NBNS - NetBIOS Name Server. A server that maps NetBIOS names to IP addresses. This service is provided by the nmbd daemon on Linux.
* NBP - Name-binding protocol of the AppleTalk suite of protocols translates addresses into names.
* NBT - NetBIOS over TCP/IP defined by RFC 1002.
* NCP - NetWare Core Protocol provides for client/server interactions such as file and print sharing. It works at the application, presentation, and session levels.
* NCP - Network Control Program performs routing, session management tasks. It runs in the communications controller. It is an SNA networking term.
* NDIS - Network Driver Interface Specification from Microsoft, is used on Microsoft networks. It allows multiple protocols to be used on a network card and supports the data link layer of the network model.
* NetBEUI - NetBIOS Extended User Interface works at the transport layer and provides data transportation. It is not a routable transport protocol which is why NBT exists on large networks to use routable TCP protocol on large networks.
* NetBIOS - Network Basic Input Output System by Microsoft.
* Network Operating System - Typically used to run computers that act as servers, but may be used on various types of computers today.
* NFS - Network File System. A protocol that allows UNIX and Linux systems remotely mount each other's file systems. RFC 1094
* NIC - Network interface card. Also called LAN adapters.
* NNTP - Network News Transport Protocol is used to link newsgroups for discussions on the web
* OC - Optical Carrier level, see SONET.
* ODBC - Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) from Microsoft lets application developers integrate database connections in applications. It is an application programming interface (API). ODBC drivers convert an application's query int SQL and send it to the database engine program.
* ODI - Open Data-link Interface operates at the data link layer allowing IPX to work with any network interface card.
* OSI - Open Systems Interconnect is a suite of protocols developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO) which corresponds with the layers of the OSI model.
* OSPF - Open Shortest Path First, a dynamic routing protocol. RFC 1247.
* PAP - Password Authentification Protocol is a two way handshake protocol designed for use with PPP.
* PAP - Printer access protocol of the AppleTalk suite of protocols manages information between workstations and printers.
* PCI - Peripheral Component Interconnect internal computer bus. The popular expansion bus of choice. It is significantly faster than EISA. This is a 32bit bus with plug and play capability from Intel.
* PDC - Primary Domain Controller is an NT server providing central control of user access permissions and accounts on a network.
* PDL - Page description language is a printing language.
* PDN - Public data network.
* Peer - A computer that can act as both a client and a server.
* Plenum - Space above a false ceiling in an office area where heat ducts and cables may be run. Plenum cabling is special fire resistant cabling required for use in these areas due to fire hazards.
* POP - Point of presence is each point at the end of the transport media (internet) when talking about VPN.
* POP3 - Post Office Protocol version 3 is used by clients to access an internet mail server to get mail. It is not a transport layer protocol.
* Protocol - A set of standards sets of standards that define all operations within a network. There are various protocols that operate at various levels of the OSI network model such as transport protocols include TCP, SPX.
* PPP - Point to Point Protocol, used for serial connections to a network ot the internet. (RFC 1332, 1548)
* PPTP - Point to point tunneling protocol (RFC 2637) Used for VPN tunneling.
* PU - Physical Units are a network device used to communicate with hosts. It is an SNA term.
* PVC - Permanent virtual circuit is set up once in communication switches to establish a permanent circuit.
* RADIUS - Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service is used for dial in clients to connect to other computers or a network. It provides authentication and accounting when using PPTP or L2TP tunneling.
* RAID - Redundant Array of Inexpensive disks is a fault tolerant method of storing data, meaning that a failure can occur and the system will still function.
* RARP -Reverse Address Resolution Protocol used for disk less computers to determine their IP address using the network. It works at the data link layer. RFC 903.
* RAS - Remote Access Service (RAS) with Windows NT allows users connecting to the network using a modem to use network resources. The NT RAS server can handle 256 connections.
* Redirector - it runs on a windows operating system and directs requests for network resources to the appropriate server and makes network resources seem to be local resources.
* Repeater - Used on a network to regenerate signals to be sent over long distances or tie computers together on a network.
* Resolver - Used as part of DNS, it is the client side asking for DNS information.
* RIP - Routing Information Protocol, a dynamic routing protocol. A distance-vector algorithm is used to calculate the best route for a packet. RFC 1058, 1388 (RIP2).
* Rlogin - Remote login between UNIX hosts. This is outdated and is replaced by Telnet.
* Router - Routes data packets between two networks. It reads the information in each packet to tell where it is going.
* RPC - Remote Procedure Call. A protocol invented by Sun Microsystem to allow remote computers to invoke functions on other hosts. RFC 1057.
* RR - Resource Records are a part of the DNS database.
* RTMP - Routing table maintenance protocol is used to update routers with information about network status and address tables. The whole address table is sent across the network.
* S/Key - A one time password system, secure against replays. RFC 2289.
* SAP - Service Advertising Protocol packets are used by file and print servers to periodically advertise the address of the server and the services available. It works at the application, presentation, and session levels.
* SAS - Single Attachment stations attached to one ring and used by FDDI networks to attach workstations to concentrators.
* SDH - Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
* SDLS - Synchronous Data Link Control is a possible SNA communications architecture.
* Sector Sparing - A method of fault tolerance that automatically identifies and marks bad sectors as not available. It is also called hot-fixing.
* Server - For the most part it provides resources on the network for other computers to use.
* SGML - Standardized General Markup Language is the base language for document publishing and is used to define XML, HTML and more.
* Shielding - Used to minimize interference.
* SLED - Single Large Inexpensive disk - The concept that a large disk costs less per amount of storage than several smaller ones. Somehow this concept is used as a means of fault tolerance.
* SLIP - Serial Line interface Protocol used to connect serially to a network or internet. RFC 1055, 1144 (Compressed). Replaced by PPP.
* SMAU - Smart Multistation Access Unit.
* SMB - Server Message Block protocol works at the presentation level to provide peer to peer communication.
* SMDS - Switched Multi-megabit Data Service uses fixed length cell switching and runs at speeds of 1.533 to 45Mbps.
* SMS - Systems Management Server from Microsoft can collect information of software on each computer and can install and configure new software on the client computers. It will also monitor network traffic.
* SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is a TCP protocol for mail transport running at the application layer. RFC 821, 822.
* SNA - System Network Architecture by IBM is a suite of protocols mainly used with IBM mainframe and AS/400 computers.
* SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol. RFC 1155, 1157, 1213, 1441.
* SONET - Synchronous Optical Network is a physical layer standard that defines voice, data, and video delivery methods over fiber optic media. It defines data rates in terms of optical carrier (OC) levels.
* Spread spectrum - It uses several frequencies at the same time.
* SPX - Sequenced Packet Exchange operates at the transport layer providing connection oriented communication on top of IPX
SQL - Structured Query Language is a database access language. It is used by most client/server database applications.
* SSCP - Systems Services Control Point manages all resources in the host's domain. An SNA term.
* STP - Shielded Twisted Pair cable. 100 meter maximum length. 16-155 Mbps speed. Lower electrical interference than UTP
* STS - Station-To-Station Protocol
* SVC - Switched virtual circuit is temporarily set up by switching mechanisims to establish a connection between devices for a session.
* TACACS - Offers authentication, accounting, and authorization.
* T Carrier - Multiplexors are used to allow several channels on one line. The T1 line is basic T Carrier service.
* TCP - Transport Control protocol is a connection oriented reliable protocol working at the transport layer. RFC 793.
* TDI - Transport Driver Interface is a standard for passing messages between the drivers at the data link layer and the protocols working at the network layer such as IP or NetBEUI. It was produced by Microsoft.
* TDR - Time-domain reflectometer sends a sonar like electrical pulse down a cable and can determine the location of a break in the cable.
* TFTP - Trivial File Transfer Protocol. RFC 1350.
* Telnet - Remote session at the application layer. RFC 854.
* Thicknet - Half inch rigid cable. Maximum cable length is 500 meters. Transmission speed is 10Mbps. Expensive and is not commonly used. (RG-11 or RG-8).
* Thinnet - Thinnet uses a British Naval Connector (BNC) on each end. Thinnet is part of the RG-58 family of cable*. Maximum cable length is 185 meters. Transmission speed is 10Mbps.
* TIA - Telecommunications Industries Association .
* TLD - Top Level domain
* Token Ring - A network architecture developed by IBM which sends tokens around a ring of computers to allow media access. Standardized to IEEE 802.5
* Topology - The shape of the physical connection of a network with regard to repeaters and networked computers. The three main types are ring, bus, and star.
* UA - Users agent. This is the program a user will use to type e-mail. It usually incorporates an editor for support. The user types the mail and it is passed to the sending MTA. This may also be called the mail user agent (MUA).
* UDP - User Datagram Protocol is a connection less unreliable protocol working at the transport layer. RFC 768.
* UNC - Universal Naming Convention is used to allow the use of shared resources without mapping a drive to them.
* Unicast - A transmission to a single interface card.
* URL - Universal Resource Location is a term used to describe the name of a web based resource such as a web page or location of a file for down loading.
* UTP - Unshielded Twisted Pair cable. Normally UTP contains 8 wires or 4 pair. 100 meter maximum length. 4-100 Mbps speed.
* VIM - Vendor-Independent Messaging protocol from Lotus supports mail at the application level and is supported by many vendors exclusive of Microsoft.
* VPN - Virtual Private Networking. The function of VPN is to allow two computers or networks to talk to each other over a transport media that is not secure, but the network is made secure by VPN security protocols.
* W3C - World Wide Web Consortium, sets standards for the web working with the IETF.
* WAN - Wide Area Network is larger than a MAN and may be an enterprise network or a global network.
* WINS - Windows Internet Name Service is the Microsoft implementation of NetBIOS name service.
* wireless bridge - Microwave or Infared is used between two line of site points where it is difficult to run wire.
* X.25 - This is a set of protocols developed by the CCITT/ITU which specifies how to connect computer devices over a internetwork.
* X.400 - International Telecommunication Union standard defines transfer protocols for sending mail between mail servers.
* X.500 - This is a recommendation outlining how an organization can share objects and names on a large network. It is hierarchical similar to DNS, defining domains consisting of organizations, divisions, departments, and workgroups.
* XML - Extensible Markup Language is a subset of SGML and is used widely on the web.
* ZIP - Zone information protocol used with RTMP to map zones. Routers use zone information tables (ZITs) to define network addresses and zone names.

Building Peer-to-peer connection

1. Create a simple peer-to-peer network between two PCs.

Connect two PCs to create a simple peer-to-peer Ethernet LAN between two workstations. The workstations will be directly connected to each other without using a hub or switch. The computers must also be configured with the correct IP network settings so that they can communicate . A category 5/5E UTP crossover cable is needed. This is very useful for transferring files and for troubleshooting interconnecting devices between PCs. Two Workstations required with an Ethernet 10/100 NIC installed.

2. Identify the Proper cable to connect the two PCs.

Locate a crossover cable that is long enought to reach from one PC to the other, attach one end to the NIC in each PCs.

3. Configure workstation IP address Information

Assigned a valid IP address for each PCs included subnest mask, default gateway. Note that the default gateway IP Address is not required, since this computers are directly connected.

Wndows XP users follow this steps: 1. click on start > settings> Control panel and then click Network connection icon. 2. Select Local Area Network connection and click on change settings of this connection. 3. Select TCP/IP protocol icon that is associated with the NIC in this PC.
4. Click on prperties and click on use the following IP address.

Example: PC 1 IP address 192.168.1.1 Subnet MASK 255.255.255.0
PC 2 IP address 192.168.1.2 Subnet mask 255.255.255.0

4. Test Connectivity using ping commands

Access the command or MS-DOS prompt. Windows XP : start>Progarms>Accessories>Command Promp.

Verify that PCs can communicate; Test connectivity from one PC to the other by pinging the IP address of the opposite computer.

EXample: c:>ping 192.168.1.1
or c:> ping 192.168.1.2

what was the result?

example result :

Pinging 192.168.1. with 32 bytes of data:

Reply from 192.168.1.1 : bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=150
Reply from 192.168.1.1 : bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=150
Reply from 192.168.1.1 : bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=150
Reply from 192.168.1.1 : bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=150

Ping statistics for 192.168.1.1:
Packets: sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in mili-seconds:
Minimum = Oms, Maximum = Oms, Average = Oms

Computer quotes

"The computer will become the hub of a vast network of remote data stations and information banks feeding into the machine at a transmission rate of a billion or more bits of information a second. Laser channels will vastly increase both data capacity and the speeds with which it will be transmitted. Eventually, a global communications network handling voice, data and facsimile will instantly link man to machine--or machine to machine--by land, air, underwater, and space circuits. [The computer] will affect man's ways of thinking, his means of education, his relationship to his physical and social environment, and it will alter his ways of living... These forces] will coalesce into what unquestionably will become the greatest adventure of the human mind." --- David Sarnoff, President of RCA, **1964**

huh! Just read this quotes this early morning and I am really amazed by this quotes . How about you?

LAN & WAN Devices

LAN & WAN Devices consist of different devices such as router, hub switch, gateway and more. This devices link up all the local and remote network segments with each other. The two important devices of network are Routers and Switches.

LAN Devices:

A hub is a networking device, which is used to connect the two segments of a wired network.

A network switch performs the same functionality in a network as a hub except a different that switch does not broadcast the data packets to all the computers in a network like a hub. A network switch has multiple ports like 4, 8, 16 and 24 etc. All the computers in a wired network are directly connected with the switch through Ethernet cable. Switches limit the traffic to and from each port and all the devices connected to the switch has maximum available bandwidth. Switch doesn’t provide the built-in firewall capabilities like the routers. In the telecommunication and packet switched infrastructure switches play an important role. They transmit the data towards its destination based on the IP address.

LAN card, network interface card or NIC is used to join the computers in a network. A NIC card is installed in any available PCI port inside the computer.

A gateway can be hardware or software and it acts as a bridge between two networks. A gateway is an entrance point of a network. A gateway connects a LAN with internet. A router acts as a gateway device in a network. In big networks, a computer server which acts as a gateway also acts as a proxy server and a firewall server. A gateway computer is usually attached with the router and switch.

A repeater is a network device that is used to retransmit the weaker signals in a network. A repeater receives the signals on the electromagnetic or optical transmission mediums. Repeater removes the unwanted noise from the incoming signals.

WAN Devices:

A router is a network communication device that is used to connect two or more logically and physically different networks. A router can be used to connect a LAN to LAN, LAN to WAN and LAN to internet. A router acts as a post office where sorting and distribution of the posts (packets in case of routers) is done. A router works on the basis of an IP address. Every router has built-in operating system known as IOS. A router works on the network layer of the OS model and it routes the data towards the optimal path. Router uses the header information of the packets and forwarding table to define the best shortest possible path of the data.

ISDN Adaptors

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) is a data communication method and it is used over the regular telephone lines. To use the ISDN lines, you need to install add-on adapters known as ISDN terminal adapters. ISDN Terminal Adapter works like a digital modem i.e. it converts the signals from digital to analog and vice versa. ISDN Terminal adapter is plugged into the serial port of the system. Some ISDN adapters have the feature of switching between digital and analog modes.

CSU/DSU

CSU/DSU stands for channel service unit and data service unit. CSU is used to connect a terminal to a digital line. DSU is used to perform the protective and diagnostic functions of the telecommunication line. CSU/DSU is a network device of the size of an external modem. The Channel service unit receives and transmits the signals from the wide area network line. CSU/DSU are two separate devices and they are sometimes used in conjunction with the T1 LAN cards.

Bridges

A bridge is a network communication device that is used to connect two segments of a LAN that uses the same protocol. Bridge is like a router but it doesn’t analyze the data before sending. A bridge operates at the data link layer of the OSI model and it can be used to connect the physically different networks and the networks that use the different protocols such as Ethernet and Token Ring.

Modems

A modem is communication device that performs two different functions such as modulation and demodulation i.e. it converts the digital data into analog and analog into digital. The faster types of the modems are used by the internet such as DSL modem, cable modem and optical modems. The features like BPS, auto answer, data compression, voice/data, fax capability and flash memory distinguish one modem from the other.

Brouter

Network bridge and router combined together to form a device known as brouter.

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Computer Networking Overview

Education for the Internet generation is globally competitive. They aim to innovate education initiatives, providing interactive tools, transforming individuals and developing programs with potential resources, activities, comprehensive skills for better education in the future.

What is Networking?

Computer networking is the engineering discipline concerned with communication between computer systems or devices. Networking, routers, routing protocols, and networking over the public Internet have their specifications defined in documents called RFCs.[Computer networking is sometimes considered a sub-discipline of telecommunications, computer science, information technology and/or computer engineering. Computer networks rely heavily upon the theoretical and practical application of these scientific and engineering disciplines.

A computer network is any set of computers or devices connected to each other with the ability to exchange data.

Example of different networks are:

• Local area network (LAN), which is usually a small network constrained to a small geographic area.
• Wide area network (WAN) that is usually a larger network that covers a large geographic area.
  
• Wireless LANs and WANs (WLAN & WWAN) are the wireless equivalent of the LAN and WAN.
  

All networks are interconnected to allow communication with a variety of different kinds of media, including twisted-pair copper wire cable, coaxial cable, optical fiber, and various wireless technologies. The devices can be separated by a few meters (e.g. via Bluetooth) or nearly unlimited distances (e.g. via the interconnections of the Internet.

What is LAN, WAN, MAN, Wireless ?

Networking is a complex part of computing that makes up most of the IT Industry. Without networks, almost all communication in the world would cease to happen. It is because of networking that telephones, televisions, the internet, etc. work.

One way to categorize computer networks is by their geographic scope, although many real-world networks interconnect Local Area Networks (LAN) via Wide Area Networks (WAN)and wireless networks[WWAN].

Local area network (LAN)

A local area network is a network that spans a relatively small space and provides services to a small number of people.

A peer-to-peer or client-server method of networking may be used. A peer-to-peer network is where each client shares their resources with other workstations in the network. Examples of peer-to-peer networks are: Small office networks where resource use is minimal and a home network. A client-server network is where every client is connected to the server and each other. Client-server networks use servers in different capacities. These can be classified into two types:

1. Single-service servers
2. print server,

where the server performs one task such as file server, ; while other servers can not only perform in the capacity of file servers and print servers, but they also conduct calculations and use these to provide information to clients (Web/Intranet Server). Computers are linked via Ethernet Cable, can be joined either directly (one computer to another), or via a network hub that allows multiple connections.

Wide area network (WAN)

A wide area network is a network where a wide variety of resources are deployed across a large domestic area or internationally. An example of this is a multinational business that uses a WAN to interconnect their offices in different countries. The largest and best example of a WAN is the Internet, which is a network composed of many smaller networks. The Internet is considered the largest network in the world. The PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) also is an extremely large network that is converging to use Internet technologies, although not necessarily through the public Internet.

A Wide Area Network involves communication through the use of a wide range of different technologies. These technologies include Point-to-Point WANs such as Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) and High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC), Frame Relay, ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and Sonet (Synchronous Optical Network). The difference between the WAN technologies is based on the switching capabilities they perform and the speed at which sending and receiving bits of information (data) occur.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

A metropolitan network is a network that is too large for even the largest of LAN's but is not on the scale of a WAN. It also integrates two or more LAN networks over a specific geographical area ( usually a city ) so as to increase the network and the flow of communications. The LAN's in question would usually be connected via "backbone" lines.

Wireless networks (WLAN, WWAN)

A wireless network is basically the same as a LAN or a WAN but there are no wires between hosts and servers. The data is transferred over sets of radio transceivers. These types of networks are beneficial when it is too costly or inconvenient to run the necessary cables. For more information, see Wireless LAN and Wireless wide area network. The media access protocols for LANs come from the IEEE.

The most common IEEE 802.11 WLANs cover, depending on antennas, ranges from hundreds of meters to a few kilometers. For larger areas, either communications satellites of various types, cellular radio, or wireless local loop (IEEE 802.16) all have advantages and disadvantages. Depending on the type of mobility needed, the relevant standards may come from the IETF or the ITU.

Networking fundamentals & Terminology

Networking terminology:

Bandwidth decisions are among the most important considerations when a network is designed. This module discusses the importance of bandwidth and explains how it is measured.

Layered models are used to describe network functions. This module covers the two most important models, which are the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model and the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) model. The module also presents the differences and similarities between the two models.

A brief history of networking. Readers will learn about network devices and different types of physical and logical layouts, also defines and compares LANs, MANs, WANs, SANs, and VPNs.

Data networks developed as a result of business applications that were written for microcomputers. The microcomputers were not connected so there was no efficient way to share data among them. It was not efficient or cost-effective for businesses to use floppy disks to share data. Sneakernet created multiple copies of the data. Each time a file was modified it would have to be shared again with all other people who needed that file. If two people modified the file and then tried to share it, one of the sets of changes would be lost. Businesses needed a solution that would successfully address the following three problems:

* How to avoid duplication of equipment and resources
* How to communicate efficiently
* How to set up and manage a network

In the mid-1980s, the network technologies that emerged were created with a variety of hardware and software implementations. Each company that created network hardware and software used its own company standards. These individual standards were developed because of competition with other companies. As a result, many of the network technologies were incompatible with each other. It became increasingly difficult for networks that used different specifications to communicate with each other. Network equipment often had to be replaced to implement new technologies.

The history of computer networking is complex. It has involved many people from all over the world over the past 35 years. Presented here is a simplified view of how the Internet evolved. The processes of invention and commercialization are far more complicated, but it is helpful to look at the fundamental development.

In the 1940s computers were large electromechanical devices that were prone to failure. In 1947 the invention of a semiconductor transistor opened up many possibilities for making smaller, more reliable computers. In the 1950s large institutions began to use mainframe computers, which were run by punched card programs. In the late 1950s the integrated circuit that combined several, and now millions, of transistors on one small piece of semiconductor was invented. In the 1960s mainframes with terminals and integrated circuits were widely used.

In the late 1960s and 1970s smaller computers called minicomputers were created. However, these minicomputers were still very large by modern standards. In 1977 the Apple Computer Company introduced the microcomputer, which was also known as the Mac. In 1981 IBM introduced its first PC. The user-friendly Mac, the open-architecture IBM PC, and the further micro-miniaturization of integrated circuits led to widespread use of personal computers in homes and businesses.

In the mid-1980s PC users began to use modems to share files with other computers. This was referred to as point-to-point, or dial-up communication. This concept was expanded by the use of computers that were the central point of communication in a dial-up connection. These computers were called bulletin boards. Users would connect to the bulletin boards, leave and pick up messages, as well as upload and download files. The drawback to this type of system was that there was very little direct communication and then only with those who knew about the bulletin board. Another limitation was that the bulletin board computer required one modem per connection. If five people connected simultaneously it would require five modems connected to five separate phone lines. As the number of people who wanted to use the system grew, the system was not able to handle the demand. For example, imagine if 500 people wanted to connect at the same time.

From the 1960s to the 1990s the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) developed large, reliable, wide-area networks (WANs) for military and scientific reasons. This technology was different from the point-to-point communication used in bulletin boards. It allowed multiple computers to be connected together through many different paths. The network itself would determine how to move data from one computer to another. One connection could be used to reach many computers at the same time. The WAN developed by the DoD eventually became the Internet.

Read more ...

Dictionary of A-Z Network Terminology
Internet ACCES and Services
Network Hardware
Network Troubleshooting

References: http://en.wikipedia.org , Cisco Networking book, http://compnetworking.about.com

Adobe Dreamweaver is a web development application originally created by Allaire Systems, which was acquired around 1998 by Macromedia and is now owned by Adobe Systems, which acquired Macromedia in 2005.

Dreamweaver is available for both Mac and Windows operating systems. Recent versions have incorporated support for web technologies such as CSS, JavaScript, and various server-side scripting languages and frameworks including ASP.NET, ColdFusion, JavaServer Pages (JSP), and PHP.

fEATURES:

As a WYSIWYG Presto-based editor, Dreamweaver can hide the HTML code details of pages from the user, making it possible for non-coders to create web pages and sites. One criticism of this approach is that it can produce HTML pages whose file size and amount of HTML code is larger than an optimally hand-coded page would be, which can cause web browsers to perform poorly. This can be particularly true because the application makes it very easy to create table-based layouts. In addition, some web site developers have criticized Dreamweaver in the past for producing code that often does not comply with W3C standards, though recent versions have been more compliant. Dreamweaver 8.0 performed poorly on the Acid2 Test, developed by the Web Standards Project. However, Adobe has increased the support for CSS and other ways to lay out a page without tables in later versions of the application, with the ability to convert tables to layers and vice versa.

Dreamweaver allows users to preview websites in many browsers, provided that they are installed on their computer. It also has some site management tools, such as the ability to find and replace lines of text or code by whatever parameters specified across the entire site, and a templatisation feature for creating multiple pages with similar structures. The behaviours panel also enables use of basic JavaScript without any coding knowledge.

Dreamweaver can use "Extensions" – small programs, which any web developer can write (usually in HTML and JavaScript). Extensions provide added functionality to the software for whoever wants to download and install them. Dreamweaver is supported by a large community of extension developers who make extensions available (both commercial and free) for most web development tasks from simple rollover effects to full-featured shopping carts.

Like other HTML editors, Dreamweaver edits files locally, then uploads all edited files to the remote web server using FTP, SFTP, or WebDAV. Dreamweaver CS4 now supports the Subversion (SVN) version control system.

[edit] Syntax highlighting

As of version 6, Dreamweaver supports syntax highlighting for the following languages out of the box:

* ActionScript
* Active Server Pages (ASP). Previous versions supported ASP 1.1. ASP support has been dropped entirely in version CS4.
* ASP.NET
* C#
* Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
* ColdFusion
* EDML
* Extensible HyperText Markup Language (XHTML)
* Extensible Markup Language (XML)
* Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT)
* HyperText Markup Language (HTML)
* Java
* JavaScript
* JavaServer Pages (JSP)
* PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP)
* Visual Basic (VB)
* Visual Basic Script Edition (VBScript)
* Wireless Markup Language (WML)

It is also possible to add your own language syntax highlighting to its repertoire.

In addition, code completion is available for many of these languages.

Macromedia Flash 8

Adobe Flash (previously called Macromedia Flash) is a multimedia platform created by Macromedia and currently developed and distributed by Adobe Systems. Since its introduction in 1996, Flash has become a popular method for adding animation and interactivity to web pages; Flash is commonly used to create animation, advertisements, and various web page components, to integrate video into web pages, and more recently, to develop rich Internet applications.

Flash can manipulate vector and raster graphics and supports bi-directional streaming of audio and video. It contains a scripting language called ActionScript. Several software products, systems, and devices are able to create or display Flash content, including Adobe Flash Player, which is available for most common web browsers, some mobile phones and other electronic devices (using Flash Lite). The Adobe Flash Professional multimedia authoring program is used to create content for the Adobe Engagement Platform, such as web applications, games and movies, and content for mobile phones and other embedded devices.

Files in the SWF format, traditionally called "ShockWave Flash" movies, "Flash movies" or "Flash games", usually have a .swf file extension and may be an object of a web page, strictly "played" in a standalone Flash Player, or incorporated into a Projector, a self-executing Flash movie (with the .exe extension in Microsoft Windows). Flash Video (FLV) files have a .flv file extension and are either used from within .swf files or played through a flv aware player, such as VLC, or QuickTime and Windows Media Player with external codecs added.

basic HTML sample

Welcome Graphic Comments

HTML, an initialism of HyperText Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for Web pages. It provides a means to describe the structure of text-based information in a document — by denoting certain text as links, headings, paragraphs, lists, and so on — and to supplement that text with interactive forms, embedded images, and other objects. HTML is written in the form of tags, surrounded by angle brackets. HTML can also describe, to some degree, the appearance and semantics of a document, and can include embedded scripting language code (such as JavaScript) which can affect the behavior of Web browsers and other HTML processors.

Hope this video can help you getting started HTML good luck!